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Laboratory work Topic: "Morphological features of plants of various species"
The purpose of the work: - to consolidate the concept of the morphological criterion of the species; - learn to make a descriptive description of plants.
Equipment: Live plants and herbarium materials of plants different types: caustic buttercup, creeping ranunculus, seaside wormwood, wormwood, stinging nettle (stinging nettle), deaf nettle (white ash)
Work progress See p.292 (textbook) Record observations and conclusions in a notebook.
Buttercup caustic Domain: Eukaryotes Kingdom: Plants Division: Flowering Class: Dicotyledonous Order: Buttercups Family: Buttercup Genus: Buttercup Species: Buttercup caustic
Buttercup caustic - a perennial herbaceous plant, reaches a height of 20-50 cm. Leaves - lower - long-petiolate, 5-10 cm long, pentagonal, palmately divided; upper - sessile, tripartite with linear, serrated lobes. Flowers - bright yellow, reach 2 cm in diameter, solitary or collected in a semi-umbrella inflorescence. Five sepals; petals - five; many stamens and pistils. Blooms in June. Fruit - polynut fruit - Popular name: night blindness. flower
Creeping ranunculus Kingdom: Plants Division: Angiosperms Class: Dicotyledons Order: Ranunculaceae Family: Ranunculaceae Genus: Buttercup Species: Creeping buttercup
Buttercup creeping - a perennial herbaceous plant 15-40 cm high with a short rhizome. The stem is ascending or creeping, rooting at the nodes. Basal leaves petiolate, trifoliate, consisting of rhomboid-ovate, deeply trifoliate, unequally toothed leaflets. Upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, tripartite. The flowers are bisexual, regular, with five protruding sepals, five golden yellow petals, numerous stamens and pistils. Flowers solitary apical or collected in a semi-umbrella. The fruit is a multi-nutlet with short spouts near the nuts. Grows on moist, shaded, alluvial soils: along the banks of rivers and lakes, in wet meadows, in bushes, in forest swamps, in fields and vegetable gardens.
buttercup creeping
Buttercup Asian, terry about annual and perennial rhizomatous or root-tuber plants; stems erect, ascending or prostrate, often rooting at the nodes; leaves entire, spatulate, palmately or pinnatipartite, arranged alternately; flowers solitary or collected in an inflorescence, yellow, rarely white or red, simple or double; the fruit is a polynutlet; seeds glabrous or hairy, flat or convex
Attention! Any species of this unpretentious plant is poisonous, although they also contain a lot useful substances, which is why it is used with caution in folk medicine. The most common representatives of this family are the caustic buttercup, the creeping buttercup, and the poisonous buttercup.
Stinging nettle or stinging nettle
Dioecious nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a perennial herbaceous stinging plant of the nettle family (Urticaseae) with a long creeping rhizome. The stem is erect, 90-120 cm high, with oppositely sessile ovate-lanceolate petiolate leaves 8-17 cm long. The flowers are small, green, unisexual, collected in spike-shaped hanging inflorescences. The fruit is an ovoid or elliptical, yellowish-gray nut 1.2-1.5 mm long. Blooms from June to September. Nettle as a weed plant is distributed throughout the European part of Russia, the Caucasus and Western Siberia, is found in Eastern Siberia, on Far East and in Central Asia
Deaf nettle, white lamb Kingdom: Plants Department: Flowering plants Class: Dicotyledonous Order: Lamiaceae Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Lamb Species: White lamb
Deaf nettle, white nettle (Lamium album), a perennial herbaceous plant of the mint family. The shape of the leaves is similar to nettle, but devoid of burning hairs. The flowers are white, in false whorls. Rhizome creeping horizontal. Stems are tetrahedral, erect, up to 60 cm tall. Leaves are opposite. Leaf petioles up to 4 cm long (in apical leaves much shorter - up to 1 cm). Leaf blades are ovate or heart-shaped, wrinkled, up to 10 cm long, sharply serrate. The whole plant is shortly pubescent. Grows in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.
Wormwood Domain: Eukaryotes Kingdom: Plants Department: Flowering Class: Dicotyledons Order: Astroflora Family: Asteraceae Genus: Wormwood Species: Wormwood
Wormwood Plant height 50-125 cm, often grows as a shrub, with a taproot branched root and erect shoots, with silvery-felt pubescence. Stems are straight, slightly ribbed, branched in the upper part. The lower leaves are long-petiolate, twice or thrice pinnately dissected; segments of all leaves are linear-oblong, bluntly pointed. Flowers are all tubular, yellow; marginal - pistillate, median - bisexual. Baskets are spherical, 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter, in a narrow paniculate inflorescence. The wrapper of the baskets is tiled, the leaves are broadly membranous. Receptacle convex, hairy. Flowering in the European part of Russia in June-July. The fruit is a brownish pointed achene about 1 mm long, oblong-wedge-shaped, finely furrowed, at the apex with a rounded, slightly convex area.
Seaside wormwood Perennial herbaceous plant or shrub 20-100 cm high, white-pubescent, strongly smelling, with a woody root. Stems are numerous, ascending, branched in the upper part, forming a small turf. Leaves are whitish-pubescent on both sides, alternate, pinnately dissected, with narrow linear lobes, longer than baskets; the lower leaves are petiolate. The inflorescence is spreading-paniculate, with peduncles bent down. Baskets are drooping, arranged in panicles at the ends of stem branches; they are very small, elliptical-oval, 1-2 mm long, greenish-gray when unflowered, containing 3-5 flowers. Tubular flowers are reddish or yellowish. Blooms in July - October. Grows in the steppes, on dry alkaline soil and chalk deposits in the steppe and semi-desert zones of Russia and along the coast of the Black, Azov and Baltic Seas.
seaside wormwood
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Laboratory work Topic: "Morphological features of plants of various species" Purpose of work: - to consolidate the concept of the morphological criterion of a species; - to learn to make a descriptive characteristic of plants. Equipment: Live plants and herbarium materials of plants of different species: caustic buttercup, creeping ranunculus, seaside wormwood, wormwood, stinging nettle (stinging), dead nettle (white stinging nettle) Progress of work See p. 292 (textbook) Write observations and conclusions in a notebook . Buttercup caustic Domain: EukaryotesKingdom: PlantsDepartment: FloweringClass: DicotyledonousOrder: RanunculaceaeFamily: RanunculaceaeGenus: Buttercup Species: Buttercup caustic Buttercup caustic is a perennial herb, reaches a height of 20-50 cm.Leaves - lower - long-petiolate, 5-10 cm long, pentagonal, palmate ; the upper ones are sessile, tripartite with linear, jagged lobes. The flowers are bright yellow, reach 2 cm in diameter, solitary or collected in a half-umbrella inflorescence. Sepals five; petals five; many stamens and pistils. Blooms in June. Fruit - polynutlet fruit - Popular name: night blindness. flower Creeping ranunculus Kingdom:PlantsDepartment:AngiospermsClass:DicotyledonousOrder:RanunculaceaeFamily:RanunculaceaeGenus:RanunculusSpecies: Creeping ranunculus Creeping ranunculus is a perennial herbaceous plant 15-40 cm high with a short rhizome. The stem is ascending or creeping, rooting at the nodes. Basal leaves petiolate, trifoliate, consisting of rhomboid-ovate, deeply trifoliate, unequally toothed leaflets. The upper leaves are sessile, lanceolate, tripartite. The flowers are bisexual, regular, with five protruding sepals, five golden yellow petals, numerous stamens and pistils. Flowers solitary apical or collected in a semi-umbrella. The fruit is a multi-nutlet with short spouts near nuts. It grows on moist, shaded, alluvial soils: along the banks of rivers and lakes, in wet meadows, shrub thickets, in forest swamps, in fields and vegetable gardens. Buttercup creeping annual and perennial rhizomatous or root-tuber plants; stems erect, ascending or prostrate, often rooting at the nodes; leaves entire, spatulate, palmately or pinnatipartite, arranged alternately; flowers solitary or collected in an inflorescence, yellow, rarely white or red, simple or double; the fruit is a polynutlet; seeds naked or hairy, flat or convex Ranunculus Asiatica, terry Attention! Any species of this unpretentious plant is poisonous, although it also contains a lot of useful substances, which is why it is used with caution in folk medicine. The most common representatives of this family are the caustic buttercup, the creeping buttercup, and the poisonous buttercup. Stinging nettle or stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a perennial herbaceous stinging plant of the nettle family (Urticaseae) with a long creeping rhizome. The stem is erect, 90-120 cm high, with oppositely sessile ovate-lanceolate petiolate leaves 8-17 cm long. The flowers are small, green, unisexual, collected in spike-shaped hanging inflorescences. The fruit is an ovoid or elliptical, yellowish-gray nut 1.2-1.5 mm long. It blooms from June to September. Nettle as a weed plant is distributed throughout the European part of Russia, the Caucasus and Western Siberia, is found in Eastern Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. : White yasnotka Deaf nettle, white yasnotka Deaf nettle, white yasnotka (Lamium album), a perennial herbaceous plant of the labiaceae family. The shape of the leaves is similar to nettle, but devoid of burning hairs. The flowers are white, in false whorls. Rhizome creeping horizontal. Stems are tetrahedral, erect, up to 60 cm tall. Leaves are opposite. Leaf petioles up to 4 cm long (in apical leaves much shorter - up to 1 cm). Leaf blades are ovate or heart-shaped, wrinkled, up to 10 cm long, sharply serrated. The whole plant is shortly pubescent. It grows in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Domain: EukaryotesKingdom: PlantsDepartment: FloweringClass: DicotyledonsOrder: AstrofloraFamily: AsteraceaeGenus: Wormwood Species: Wormwood Wormwood Wormwood Plant height 50-125 cm, often grows as a semi-shrub, with a taproot branched root and upright shoots, with silver-felt pubescence. The stems are straight , slightly ribbed, branched in the upper part. The lower leaves are long-petiolate, twice or thrice pinnately dissected; segments of all leaves are linear-oblong, bluntly pointed. Flowers are all tubular, yellow; marginal - pistillate, median - bisexual. Baskets are spherical, 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter, in a narrow paniculate inflorescence. The wrapper of the baskets is tiled, the leaves are broadly membranous. Receptacle convex, hairy. Flowering in the European part of Russia in June-July. The fruit is a brownish pointed achene about 1 mm long, oblong-wedge-shaped, finely furrowed, at the top with a rounded, slightly convex platform. Wormwood seaside Perennial herbaceous plant or shrub 20-100 cm high, white-pubescent, strongly smelling, with a woody root. Stems are numerous, ascending, branched in the upper part, forming a small turf. Leaves are whitish-pubescent on both sides, alternate, pinnately dissected, with narrow linear lobes, longer than baskets; the lower leaves are petiolate. The inflorescence is spreading-paniculate, with peduncles bent down. Baskets are drooping, arranged in panicles at the ends of stem branches; they are very small, elliptical-oval, 1-2 mm long, greenish-gray when unflowered, containing 3-5 flowers. Tubular flowers are reddish or yellowish. It blooms in July - October. It grows in the steppes, on dry alkaline soil and chalk deposits in the steppe and semi-desert zones of Russia and along the coast of the Black, Azov and Baltic Seas. seaside wormwood
Attached files
Before proceeding with the definition of a plant, it should be carefully studied. Analysis of the external structure of the plant and its organs is accompanied by some measurements and preparation of flowers, seeds and fruits, for which you need to use a ruler, dissecting needles, a scalpel or razor blades, a magnifying glass with a magnification of 3,6,10. In some cases, a binocular loupe with a higher magnification is needed.
Analysis of the morphological characteristics of plants requires a certain skill. To purchase it, you need to make a detailed description 10 - 15 plants from different families Department of Angiosperms ( Angiospermae). To fulfill the descriptions, herbaceous plants should be taken. This is due to the fact that the analysis of plant traits and plant descriptions are performed before their definitions according to the samples collected on excursions. The description of woody plants should be carried out mainly on excursions: for woody plants, such features as the architecture of the crown and the nature of the growth of shoots in its different parts, the features of the crust and periderm on branches of different ages, etc. are important. In addition, Full description many woody plants in the temperate zone require observation throughout the growing season, as they tend to bloom early before leafing out.
Morphological description is carried out according to the following plan:
plant name (Latin and Russian), systematic affiliation (family name - Latin and Russian);
duration life cycle (annual, biennial, perennial) life form (plant tap root, brush root, root shoot, rhizome, turf, bulbous, etc.), total height or length for ground-creeping forms and vines;
structure root system : taproot, fibrous, fringed, etc., its placement in the soil (surface, deep, tiered), root morphology in the root system (diameter, color, length, degree of branching and other features), the presence of specialized (for example, retracting) and modified roots, other features of root systems;
structure underground organs of shoot origin in perennial herbs: caudex, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, turnip-like organs (“root crops”), corms, underground stolons: their size, color and surface character, shape, depth of location in the soil, presence, number and location of adventitious roots and other features;
structure above-ground shoots : number, position relative to the soil level, direction of growth, branching type of shoots, location of lateral shoots on the mother and their number, type of shoots along the length of internodes (elongated, shortened, semi-rosette, rosette), leaf arrangement and other features;
structure stems : the presence of faces, wings, cross-sectional shape, diameter, pubescence, color and other features;
structure leaves : compound or simple, palmate or pinnate, petiolate or sessile; parts of the leaf and their structure, the shape of the leaf blades and their bases, edges, tops, types of leaf blades according to the degree of dissection, the presence and nature of pubescence, other features;
structure inflorescences : flowers solitary or in inflorescences (simple, compound), type of inflorescences according to the method of branching (racemous, cymose, thyrsoid) and the nature of foliage (frondose, frondular, bracteous, glabrous), types of private inflorescences (brush, umbrella, spike, basket, etc. .d.), number of flowers, length of pedicels, other structural features of inflorescences;
structure flowers , their formula and diagram: all parts of the flower are consistently analyzed and described - the receptacle, perianth, androecium and gynoecium, nectaries (their shape, size, number, color, smell, the presence or absence of fusion of the same name and different parts flower parts of a flower), the type of their symmetry and other morphological features;
structure seeds And fruits : shape, size, color of fruits; types of fruits - genetic (depending on the structure of the gynoecium: apocarp, syncarp, lysicarp, paracarp) and according to the structure and consistency of the pericarp, the number of seeds; methods of opening fruits; the presence of multiple fruits, their structure, other features of the structure of seeds and fruits;
information about biological features plants: flowering time, method of pollination, methods of distribution of diaspores, etc.;
information about ecological confinement plants to certain habitats (lighting conditions, moisture, soils, etc.), plant communities, frequency of occurrence in the territory where the practice is carried out.
For the description, the species of those plants are selected that at a given moment of the growing season have all the organs necessary for compiling a complete description. Information about biological and ecological features should be based on the results own observations during excursions. Morphological analysis and description of plants is accompanied sketches the appearance of plants and more detailed drawings of their important parts - flowers and their parts, fruits, etc.
When analyzing plant traits, in order to compile their descriptions, one should use educational and reference literature on plant morphology, dictionaries of botanical terms, and atlases on plant morphology. Often brief morphological reference books are available in plant guides.
As an example of a morphological description, a characteristic of a widespread weed-forest plant greater celandine, often found in forests, gardens, forest belts, city parks, near housing, in vegetable gardens, and in other more or less shady weedy places, is given.
Chelidonium majus L. - Large celandine.
Familypapaveraceae Juss. - Poppy.
Perennial herbaceous short-rhizome plant from 25 to 80 cm high. The whole plant is covered with sparse hairs or bare, its aerial parts contain a sharp-smelling orange milky juice.
The root system is taproot, with numerous lateral roots on the taproot. The rhizome is short, vertical, bearing vegetative shoots and renewal buds.
Above-ground shoots are erect, semi-rosette, branched above the middle of the elongated part of the shoot. Stems are green and rounded. The leaf arrangement is spiral (next).
The leaves are green above, bluish below, from 7 to 20 cm long and 2.5 to 9 cm wide. The lower leaves of the shoots are collected in a rosette and have petioles from 2 to 10 cm in length, the stem leaves on the elongated middle part of the shoot are sessile. All leaves are pinnately dissected with almost opposite, spaced pairs of lateral segments, the size of which increases towards the largest unpaired terminal segment. Leaf segments are 1.5 to 6 cm long and 1 to 3 cm wide, rounded or rounded-ovate, at the base with an additional lobe in the form of an eye, descending to the leaf axis, entire or sometimes deeply incised on the underside. The terminal segment of the leaf is more or less deeply incised into 3 lobes, rarely entire. Along the edge, the leaf segments are unevenly crenate-toothed.
Inflorescence - umbrellas of 3-7 flowers at the ends of the main shoot and its side branches - paracladia. Flowers on pedicels 0.5 to 2 cm long.
The flowers are regular (actinomorphic), with a double seperate perianth. Receptacle punctate. The calyx consists of two convex, round, greenish sepals that fall off when the flowers bloom. Corolla yellow, of 4 rounded petals 10 - 15 mm in diameter. Stamens numerous, half as long as petals. The pistil is approximately equal in length to the stamens, with a linear upper ovary and a sessile notched or lobed stigma. Gynoecium paracarpous of two carpels.
Flower formula: K 2 C 4 A G (2) .
The fruit is a long pod-like capsule with one nest inside. The box opens with two flaps from the bottom up. Its length is from 3 to 6 cm, width - from 2 to 3 mm. Seeds about 1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide, numerous, ovoid, black-brown, shiny, with a white comb-like appendage, located on the walls of the ovary in 2 rows. Pedicels elongate up to 5 cm in fruiting.
Flowers are pollinated by insects. Blossoms in V-VII, fruits ripen in VI-VIII. Seeds are dispersed by ants (myrmekohor).
It lives in weedy places in floodplain forests in the valley of the river. Kalitvy between the village. Kirsanovka and farm Marshinsky, in forest belts, gardens and orchards in the village. Kirsanovka. Prefers shaded and moist areas with rich chernozem soils. Grows in groups, sometimes forms large clumps, thickets. Milky juice is highly poisonous.
Plant selection to compose descriptions should not be random. Since one of the goals of the training practice is to consolidate knowledge of plant systematics, for a detailed analysis it is necessary to select plants from the leading families of the local flora. For the south of the European part of Russia, these are the following: legumes ( Fabaceae), borage ( Boraginaceae), clove ( Caryophyllaceae), buckwheat ( Polygonaceae), labial ( Lamiaceae), cereals ( Poaceae), umbrella ( Apiaceae), cruciferous ( Brassicaceae), haze ( Chenopodiaceae), burrows ( Scrophulariaceae), sedge ( Cyperaceae), pink ( Rosaceae), Compositae ( Asteraceae).
Starting practice, one should repeat the characteristics of the leading families in the educational literature, clarify and assimilate all the most important features of the structure of the vegetative and reproductive organs of the plants belonging to them. Having carefully analyzed the main features of families in their specific representatives, in the end it is possible to accurately establish the belonging of plants to them on botanical excursions without resorting to the help of determinants.
In subsequent work on the identification of plants, after acquiring a certain skill in the analysis of their morphological characters, detailed descriptions can be abandoned. However, a preliminary morphological analysis and the establishment of the main distinguishing features of all plant organs is an indispensable condition for successful identification.
Subject:“Study of native plant species. Morphological features of plants of various species.
Target: ensuring the assimilation of the concept of the morphological criterion of a species, to consolidate the ability to draw up a descriptive characteristic of plants. To consolidate knowledge about modification variability, the ability to describe plants by phenotype and compare them with each other.
Equipment: Live plants or herbariums, materials of plants of different species. Herbarium specimens of various plant varieties (wheat, rye, barley, etc.).
Work order:
Study theoretical data.
Check out the progress of the work.
Make observations and write in notebooks.
Make a conclusion.
Answer security questions.
Protect the teacher's work.
The progress of the work (experiment No. 1).
Consider plants of two species, write down their name, make a morphological characteristic of plants of each species, i.e. describe the features of their external structure (features of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits).
Compare plants of two species, identify four similarities and differences.
Answer the question: "What explains the similarities (differences) of plants?".
The progress of the work (experiment No. 2).
Consider two specimens of wheat plants (rye, barley, etc.) of the same variety. Compare these plants.
Describe the phenotype of each plant (features of the structure of leaves, stems, flowers). Reveal the signs arising as a result of modification variability and caused by a genotype.
Expand the causes of modification variability, its significance.
Theoretical information
Speciation is the most complex evolutionary process of the emergence of a new species. The newly emerged species breaks ties with the parent species and turns into a separate set of organisms. Crossing individuals of the new and old species becomes impossible.
The idea of the mechanisms of speciation was first expressed by Ch. Darwin. He proceeded from the fact that the intraspecific struggle for existence and the natural selection resulting from it serve as the main reason for the divergence of populations, forcing species to use natural conditions as widely and diversely as possible. According to C. Darwin, populations often arise within the same species that adapt to different habitat conditions: wet or dry, flat or mountain habitats, the consumption of certain foods, etc. it is precisely because of this that species use the resources of their habitat to the fullest extent. Consequently, natural selection favors an ever more complete use of the variety of conditions of existence. This causes divergence of populations within a species according to morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Geographical and ecological isolation, as already noted, are evolutionary mechanisms that sharply intensify the process of population divergence due to the weakening and even complete cessation of the exchange of genes between them.
The original difference between the gene pools of isolated parts of the species
in the course of further evolution inevitably increases. As important reason This is the mutation process. In one of the two divided populations, one mutation occurs, and in the other, others. Since the living conditions in different "isolates" can differ significantly, then natural selection will also act in different directions. Genetic drift also makes an important contribution to the further divergence of the gene pools of isolated parts of the species. The process of population divergence, continuing for a long time, leads to profound changes in the gene pools of populations and many properties of organisms: size, coloration, fecundity, preference for certain habitats, etc. New signs and adaptations appear, differences in the structure and even the number of chromosomes appear.
As a result, individuals of previously related populations lose the ability to interbreed. New species are emerging. As a result of speciation, a species or several species appear that have never existed before. They had only their inherent properties.
There are two main ways of speciation: geographical and ecological. The difference between them lies in what type of isolation will serve as the starting point for the divergence of populations. The essence of the speciation process is the same for both methods. It, as already noted, consists in a radical restructuring of the properties of the parent view and in the formation of the properties of the new view.
Most of the newly emerging species are rejected. Only the most successfully mastering new environmental conditions, i.e. the most adapted species are preserved and follow the path of further evolutionary development.
Answer security questions:
1. Is the process of speciation taking place in our time and can it be observed?
2. Explain how, in your opinion, two species that you describe could have been formed from one parent species in nature?
3. Can, in your opinion, human activity affect the formation of new species? Justify the answer?