Executions Egyptian- Ten sentences of God, comprehended by Egypt for the refusal of Pharaoh, let go of the people of Israel from the Egyptian captivity. Describes in the Old Testament, in the outcome book ().
The religion of Egypt of that time was Polyteraism - Vera in several deities. Egyptian pantheon included a large number of deities of different significance. In each city there were their own, especially honorable cults. Events of nature were deified: the sun, stars, wind, natural disasters. Beasts, birds, reptiles and even insects also became objects of worship.
In addition, the ancient Egyptians in their beliefs mixed the human and animal began. An example is the goddess Sahmet, a healer of the disease, depicted as a woman with a face of a lioness. Many Pharaohs have identified themselves with the sphinxes during their lives and commanded to capture it in stone. A number of sculptures of the Sphinxes that are currently in the Cairo Museum indicative of this. Some of them are preserved to this day.
One of the key roles in the religion of Egypt was played by Pharaoh himself, acting as the sole "mediator" between people and gods. Pharaoh was the Supreme Ruler and at the same time the Supreme Priest.
According to the references of the Egyptian, the first pharaoh was the God of RA. Other gods ruled behind him. Later on the throne, the son of Osiris and Isida appears, God choir. The chorus was considered the prototype of all Egyptian pharaohs, and the Pharaohs themselves with his earthly incarnation. Each real pharaoh was considered a descendant and RA and choir.
From his very birth, Pharaoh was revered at the same time as the Supreme Ruler, and as a deity. It is quite natural that the Lord of Egypt asked Moses: "Who is the Lord, so that I listened to his [and] released Israel? I do not know the Lord and Israel will not let go "(). The request of Moses was immediately rejected by the pharaoh. Then the Lord told Moses something very unusual: "Look, I put you by God Faraon, and Aaron, your brother, will be your prophet" (). Thus, Pharaoh appeared "rival". The living God of Israel was opposed to one of the earthly gods.
When reading history about ten executions, a repeated phrase is often found: " And you will learn that I am the Lord, your God"(;;;;). This phrase emphasizes the meaning of all that is happening. The Lord wanted to show both the Egyptians and the Jews that he is a true, almighty God. Therefore, even the Lord himself said in the midst of 10 executions of Egyptian: "I saved you to show my power to you and that my name was my all over the whole earth"().
Ten executions of Egyptian followed one after another, after the next refusal of Pharaoh let go of the Israeli people:
- Transformation of water in blood ()
- The invasion of the toad ()
- The invasion of the midges ()
- Punishment with peasium flies ()
- Livestock ()
- Ulcers and Narya ()
- Thunder, zipper and fire hail ()
- Saranschi's invasion ()
- Dark ()
- The death of the firstborn ().
Some interpreters point out that the Egyptian executions were consistently humiliated and the Egyptian idols (RA, Isida, Happi, Amon, and so on, were united, which were incapable of protecting those areas, the influence on which they were attributed to the Egyptians.
The total duration of executions is placed in the period from July one year to March of the following.
All ten executions of the Egyptian were reflected in Psalms and.
Psalm 77: 41-51 «… did not remember his hands, the day when he saved them from oppression when he created his signs in Egypt and his wonders on the Tsoan field; and turned their rivers and streams them in bloodso that they could not drink; sent to them insectsto join them and zabto roast them; The earthly growing gave them to the caterpillar and their work - saransch; Grapes are broken grad and sicomors of them - ice; The cattle betrayed the hail and herds of them - zippers; sent on them a flame of his anger, and indignation, and rage and disaster, the embassy of evil angels; Equalized anger with anger to his own, did not guard them from death, and their cattle betrayed sea Yazve; struck anything firstborn In Egypt, the heads forces in the cham tents»;
Psalm 104: 26-36 « I sent Moses, the slave of his, Aaron, whom he chose. They showed between them the words of his signs and his wonders in the Earth Hamova. Messlo darkness and made darknessAnd did not oppose the word it. The water was in favor of their blood, and they worryed their fish. Earth them made a lot zab Even in the bedroom of the kings of them. He said, and came different insects, scoop In all the limits of them. Instead of rain sent them grad., scorching fire onto them, and broke the grapes of them and the fig tree, and crushed the tree within them. Said and came sarancha and caterpillars without a number; And ate all the grass on the ground they, and eaten the fruits on the fields of them. And struck anything firstborn in their land, the heads of all their strength».
Ieria Gennady Egorov. "Sacred Scripture of the Old Testament":
What is the faeraak wines if God is said "Hardened heart" his ()? After all, Pharaoh turns out in this case just a toy in the hands of God? This is not quite so. The same action of God is different on different people It affects, depending on their own location. The assistance of God to the Israelis for Israelis is the strengthening of faith, and for Pharaoh - the source is more and more cruel resistance (Wed - - "The heart of Pharaoh has hardened"; ). "The point is not that opposition was invested in the soul of Pharaoh in the Divine War, but in the fact that he did not accept the arguments that soften this opposition on his own choice. The more God is its miracles and promotes the Israelis, the more pharaoh hardened. In the same way as in Gospel History we see: the more Lord Jesus Christ is his messianic dignity, it is their deity, especially and more insanely, opponents are missing.
Comment by the new Geneva Bible:
"The fierce heart of Pharaoh" (). This expression rather means "I will do hard" than "cruel". In other words, the Lord will not affect Pharaoh to change his intention - Pharaoh will be convinced by Moses in words and signs. "
The fester Bible of Lopukhin:
Pharaoh himself is the culprit of this state so far, because, because of his pride and selfishness, it does not want to submit to them by himself and his surrounding Higher Divine Will (;): During the execution it is ready to let go of Jews, it refuses it. But, on the other hand, the sinful inclination of Pharaoh would not have developed to such an extent if it was not addressed by the Divine command of the release of Jews. In this regard, the culprit of the fierce of his heart is God.
The opinion of the interpreters about the fierce of the Heart of Pharaoh, which here is attributed to God, different. There are only ten such statements. Eight of them (;;;) contain the word CHAZAQ, which means that the Lord made the heart of Pharaoh "solid", fixed, so that his feelings for Israel did not change. Used another Jewish word Qashah, meaning that the Lord made the heart of Pharaoh "tough" or "insensitive." In verse 10: 1 Used the third word Kabed, denoting that God made the Heart of Pharaoh "heavy" or insensitive to the divine effects. The context study shows that these different words are used more or less interchangeable.
Ten approvals say that Pharaoh himself helped his heart. Four of them (;;). He also continued to refuse after the fourth and fifth execution, who collapsed to the Egyptians, but did not touch the Israelis, and what told the king (). The fierce of his heart is even more obviously in violation of the promise to release Israel, provided that Moses and Aaron will cease execution, and in his forced recognition of their sin (). Thus, when Moses, before the arrival in Egypt, it was said that the Lord helps the heart of Pharaoh (). But as the sun acts in different ways to different materials in accordance with their nature - the wax melts, but it makes a solid clay, for example, the effect of God's heart on the heart of people produces different effects depending on the state of the heart. Quick sinner allows the spirit to holy to lead him to change and salvation, but the unrepreneurial hardened his heart is increasingly. The same manifestation of God's mercy in one case leads to salvation and life, and in another - to condemnation and death - in each case, according to its own choice of man.
Scientists have found confirmation of the executions of the Egyptian - ten disasters that struck the ancient Egypt. According to the Bible Old Testament, they were sent to punish the fact that Pharaoh did not want to let Moses and Jews from slavery.
Archaeologists and authors of a multi-seater documentary film, which will be shown on the National Geographic channel on Easter holiday, believe that executions took place, and were caused by a number of natural reasons, such as global warming and volcanic eruption.
Archaeologists are confident that the disaster described in the pentateum feast fell to the city of Pi-Ramses in the Nile Delta - this city was the capital of Egypt to the rule of Pharaoh Ramses II (1279-1213 to R.Kh.). Approximately 3000 years ago, Pi-Ramses left all the inhabitants - scientists believe that it could be the result of disasters.
A group of climatologists, which studied the weather conditions of antiquity, found out that at Ramses II there was a sharp change in climate from warm and wet on cold and dry. "Ramses rules in a very favorable climatic period, there was a lot of rain, and the country flourished. But this period continued only a few decades, and after his reign, the climatic curve drops sharply, the arid period was followed, which undoubtedly had very serious consequences, "says Paleoclimatologist Augusto Majini from the University of Heidelberg (Germany).
The filmmakers believe that this sharp change has caused the first execution - when the river in the Nile turned into blood. Most likely, the breakdown of the breakdown and the fast river turned into a stream of red dirt, scientists believe.
Dr. Stephen Pflugmater from the Institute of Water Ecology and Freshwater Fisheries. Leibniz believes that the "bloody" river could make toxic bacteria. It is known that Microbe Oscillatoria Rubescens, also called "Burgundy Blood", hit the reservoirs and 3000 years ago, it happens today. Bacteria "rapidly multiply in stagnant warm water rich nutrient substances. Dying, they paint the water in red. "
According to scientists, the action of Oscillatoria Rubescens led to the three subsequent executions - the invasion of frogs, midges and flazy flies. The development of adult frogs from tadpoles is controlled by hormones that can speed up this process in the stressful situation. The defeat of the Nile "Burgundian blood" and was such stress, and when the frog came out to the land, it began to dominate insects, the increase in the number of which was not restrained by predators.
Insects could cause the fifth and sixth execution of the cattle and ulcers in humans. "We know that insects can make diseases, such as malaria, so that the next link in this chain reaction is an epidemic," said Professor of the Institute Leibnia Werner Clomas.
Another natural disaster that happened away from Pi-Ramses, led to three more executions - hail, locust and darkness. According to the researchers, their cause could be an eruption - one of the strongest in history - volcano Tera on the Greek Island of Santorini, as a result of which billions of tons of ashes were thrown into the air.
Nadine von Blom is a scientist from the German Institute of Atmospheric Physics, studying the formation of clouds carriers of hail. She believes that strong hail fell into Egypt due to the collision of rain clouds with a cloud of volcanic ash.
Dr. Siro Treisnato from Canada is convinced that the invasion of locusts could also be the result of an eruption. The ashes loss led to various climatic anomalies, including an increase in humidity, which is very favorable for the growth of locust. The ash clouds could also obstruct the sun, causing darkness - the ninth execution.
During the excavations in Egypt, pieces of pumice - volcanic stone were discovered, although there are no volcanoes in the country itself. Tests have shown that PEMZE comes from the volcano on Santorini, which confirms the hypothesis about the loss of the ashes of the Teres in Egypt.
One of the versions of the tenth execution - the death of all Egyptian firstborn - the damage to the grain to a poisonous fungus or mold. Since the first portion of the male fell, the first portion of food was killed, they were killed.
However, Dr. Robert Miller, a teacher of the Old Testament of the Catholic University of America, does not agree with the statements that Egyptian executions occurred for natural reasons, reports "Blagovest info." The problem of naturalistic explanations is that the real essence is lost in them. The essence lies in the fact that the Israelis did not come out of Egypt naturally, but they came out, driven by the hand of the Lord, emphasizes R. Miller.
Well. How many people are so many opinions. As Wikipedia says:
"Ten executions of the Egyptian" - described in the pentateuch of disasters that have embraced the Egyptians for the refusal of the Egyptian pharaoh to free the enslaved sons of Israel.
According to the book, the outcome of Moses with the name of God requires the Pharaoh to release his people, promising otherwise that God will punish Egypt. Pharaoh did not obey, the following disasters were collapsed to Egypt:
Punishment of blood
Penalty frogs
The invasion of midges
Herbal wild beast
Sea cattle
Ulcers and meadow
Thunder, zipper and fire hail
Unusual Darkness (Darkness Egyptian)
The invasion of locusts
Death of the First People
Punishment of blood
And raised [Aaron] rod and hit the water river before the eyes of Pharaoh and before the eyes of his slaves, and all the water in the river turned into blood, and the fish in the river died out, and the river was variable, and the Egyptians could not drink water from the river; And there was blood throughout Egyptian land. (Ish.7: 20,21)
All the water in Nile, other water bodies and tanks turned into blood, but remained transparent for the Jews (and even the one that was at Jews, turned into blood if the Egyptians tried to take it). The Egyptians could only drink the water for which they paid money to Jews. Then, according to legend, the sorcerers of Pharaoh bought water from the Jews and began to conjure on it, they managed to turn her into the blood, and Pharaoh decided that the punishment of blood was not punished by the Lord, but just witchcraft, and did not let the Jews.
Penalty frogs
And the Lord said to Moses: Tell Aaron: Prior to your hand with your river on the rivers, on the streams and on the lakes and bring the toad to the Egyptian land. Aaron shoot his hand on the water Egyptian; And the toads came out and covered Egypt's land. (Ish.8: 5,6)
As Pharaoh was promised: "They will come out and enter your house, both in your bedroom, and your bed, and your slaves and your people and your people, and in your furnaces, and your quashers" (Ish.8: 3) . The toads filled the Egyptian land.
Egyptian sorcerers began to conjunate again, and they managed to do so that the frogs became even more, but they said Pharaoh that they did not know such a witchcraft, which would allow to remove the frogs. Then Pharaoh said Moses, which would believe that Egypt punished God and hesitate his people if God would remove all the frogs. After disappearing frogs, however, Pharaoh decided to abandon his promise.
The invasion of midges
As a third punishment on Egypt, healing the midges, who attacked the Egyptians, stuck them, climbed them into the eyes, nose, ears.
This time, the sorcerers could not help Pharaoh, and they said that they didn't know such witchcraft, and that, it should be, this is all the punishment of the Lord, and the Jews should be omitted. However, Pharaoh and this time turned out to be adamant.
And then God wrapped the fourth execution to Egypt:
Herbal wild beasts
Wild animals were flooded: Lions, crocodiles, bears, scorpions, the sky flooded predatory birds who tried to penetrate the home of the Egyptians and did not let them go outside. The same Egyptians who crossed the threshold of the house turned out to be confused. Even livestock Suddenly began to hunt for his owners. Only Jews did not touch the animals.
Then Pharaoh called Moses and again promised to let go of Jews, and after the disappearance of wild animals, he again violated his promise.
And he suffered Egypt the fifth execution:
Sea cattle
In all Egyptians, the cattle is filled, the attack did not touch the Jews. And then I understood the Pharaoh that God cares about the Jews, but he was preparing and the Jews did not let go.
Ulcers and meadow
After that, the Lord commanded Moses and Aaron to take on the handful of oven soot and throw it high up before the pharaoh. So they did, and the bodies of Egyptians and animals were covered with terrible ulcers and membranes.
And Pharaoh was frightened that the rest of his life would be tormented and scratched because of the ulcers and injections and decided to let go of the Jews. But God strengthened his heart and gave him the courage to do according to his convictions, because he wanted to let the Pharaoh Jews not from fear, but from the realization that no earthly king could argue with God. And again did not let Jews Pharaoh.
Then God struck Egypt in the seventh time:
Thunder, zipper and fire hail
A storm began, thunder thundered, flashed lightning and fiery hail fell on Egypt.
"And the Lord produced thunder and hail, and the fire spilled on the ground; and sent the Lord Grad to Egyptian land; And there was a hail and fire between hail, [hail] is very strong, which was not in the entire Earth Egyptian since the population of her. And he broke the hail throughout Egyptian land all that was in the field, from a person to livestock, and all the grass beat degrees, and all the trees in the field broke out "(ISX.9: 23-25).
They saw the Egyptians that the flame burns in every gradine and was horrified, as they realized that it was anger who could change the nature of things. Then, then Pharaoh in front of Moses and Aaron, asked them to pray to God, so that the hail stops, promising that he would let go of the Jews. Prayed Moses God, and the hail stopped. But again did not restrain his promise of Pharaoh.
And he suffered Egypt the execution of the eighth:
The invasion of locusts
Strong wind blew, and behind the wind flew into Egypt Horde Saraschi, sober up all the greens until the latter blasting on Egyptian land.
And again asked Pharaoh Moses to pour mercy from God, and again promised to let go of the Jews. I called Moses to God, and blew the wind to the other side, and he took all the locust. But the heart of Pharaoh's heart reiterated again, and again he did not let the sons of Israel.
And the ninth execution began:
Unusual darkness
The darkness fell on Egypt, but the darkness was an unusual darkness, for it was thick and dense, so it could even touch her; And candles and torches could not disperse darkness. Only the Jews were light, and the Egyptians were forced to move to the touch. However, soon the darkness began to thicken, saying the movements of the Egyptians, and now they could not even move.
And called Pharaoh Moses, and he told him that he let go of the Jews, only the cattle should be left. However, Moses told Pharaoh that they would not leave the Jews their cattle. Then Pharaoh ordered Moses to leave and not coming more, promising that if he comes, it will be executed. And then Moses said that he would not come more, but what will suffer Egypt the execution, worse than all the previously taken together, because all the sons of the firstborn will die in Egypt.
Penalty penny
And did not pass Egypt promised by Moses Kara, and followed at midnight the widespread death of the firstborn.
After all the firstborn (with the exception of Jewish) died in Egypt in Egypt, Pharaoh surrendered and allowed the Jews to leave Egypt, the outcome began.
The historicity of the plot - speculation, as a fact ...
In the history of Egypt, in a sufficient detailed documented numerous hieroglyphic texts, neither "Egyptian executions" are not mentioned in the form, as described in the Bible, nor any other events that could be associated with these executions. Although in history Ancient Egypt There were many tragic events (for example, the invasion of gixos and uprisings, which brought the country into complete chaos), none of these events can be directly compared with the description of the "Egyptian executions".
Moreover, it is unknown, with what Pharaoh and even in the era of which dynasty there was an outcome of Jews from Egypt. In all likelihood, in fact, this event was local and so insignificant that it did not cause interest among Egyptian society and was not reflected in any written monuments other than the Bible.
Part of the researchers refers to the Papyrus of the Ipouver, finding in it a lot of coincidences with the events described in the Bible. On this basis, it is concluded that the "execution of Egyptian" occurred, possibly during the reign of Pharaoh Ramses II and his son Merneptha.
Cattle
Punishment of blood
First execution
| And raised [Aaron] rod and hit the water river before the eyes of Pharaoh and before the eyes of his slaves, and all the water in the river turned into blood, and the fish in the river died out, and the river was variable, and the Egyptians could not drink water from the river; And there was blood throughout Egyptian land. |
All the water in Nile, other water bodies and tanks turned into blood, but remained transparent for the Jews (and even the one that was at Jews, turned into blood if the Egyptians tried to take it). The Egyptians could only drink the water for which they paid money to Jews. Then, according to legend, the sorcerers of Pharaoh bought water from the Jews and began to conjure on it, they managed to turn her into the blood, and Pharaoh decided that the punishment of blood was not punished by the Lord, but just witchcraft, and did not let the Jews.
Penalty frogs
Second penalty
As was promised by Pharaoh: "They will come out and enter your house, and your bedroom, and your bed, and in the houses of your slaves and your people, and your furnaces, and in Kwashni," yours " (Ex.). The toads filled the Egyptian land.
Egyptian sorcerers began to conjunate again, and they managed to do so that the frogs became even more, but they said Pharaoh that they did not know such a witchcraft, which would allow to remove the frogs. Then Pharaoh said Moses, which would believe that Egypt punished God, and his people will let go if God removes all the frogs. After the disappearance of Frogs, Pharaoh decided to abandon his promise.
The invasion of midges
As a third punishment on Egypt, healing the midges, who attacked the Egyptians, stuck them, climbed them into the eyes, nose, ears.
| ... Aaron moves his hand with his rod and hit the ground, and the midges were on humans and on Skot. The whole end of the earth made midges throughout Egyptian land. They also tried to make the Mozhek with the Moshk, but could not. And there were midges in humans and skot. And said Magi Pharaoh: This is the finger of God. But the heart of Faraonovo has hardened, and he did not listen to them, as the Lord said. |
This time, the sorcerers could not help Pharaoh and said that they did not know such witchcraft, and that, it should be, this is all the punishment of the Lord, and Jews should be released. However, Pharaoh and this time turned out to be adamant.
And then God wrapped the fourth execution to Egypt:
Punishment by pezzi flies
| And the Lord Moses said: Tomorrow I stand early and appear before the face of Pharaoh. Here, he will go to the water, and you tell him: so the Lord says: let me go to my people to make me serving. And if you do not let go of my people, then, here, I will send you on your slaves, and your people, and in the houses of your waves flies, and the houses of the Egyptians are filled with the lands on which they live; And the Department on that day, the land of Ges, on which my people dwells, and there will not be waves of flies, so that you knew that I am the Lord among the Earth; I will make a division between the people of mine and between the people of yours. Tomorrow will be this sign. So did the Lord: a lot of flazy flies in the house of Pharaohs, and in the houses of his slaves, and the Egyptian land for the whole land: the earth died from the pezzi flies. |
The clouds of these flies covered people and filled the houses of the Egyptians. "According to Philon, the insect, which served as the fourth execution tool, combined the properties of flies and dogs, was distinguished by the taste and unequivocarcy. They published how the arrow, it was on a person or an animal and, rapidly attacking, dugged out sting in the body and as it should stick to him "(Lopukhin's interpreting Bible). Most likely, under the pisi flies, the wands that did not give peace to the Egyptians and herds of their animals.
The main lesson of this penalty was that God was openly revealed by Pharaoh and all Egyptians the difference between them and Jews. Pisia flies were everywhere, except the region of the hem, in which the Jews lived; They were in all houses, besides the houses of Israelis: Poems 22-23 "... Division that day, the land of Ges, on which my people dwells, and there will not be waves of flies, so you knew that I am the Lord among the earth; I will make a division between the people of mine and between the people of yours. "
Such a separation between the two peoples and the areas of their habitat in Egypt showed Pharaoh that the God of Israel is the Lord, the Egyptian execution, and what exactly he is God above Egypt, surpassing the strength and power of all Egyptian deities and idols. Then Pharaoh called Moses and again promised to let go of Jews, and after the disappearance of wild animals, he again violated his promise.
And he suffered Egypt the fifth execution:
Sea cattle
Fifth penalty
In all Egyptians, the cattle, which was in the field, was not touched by the Jews. And then I understood the Pharaoh that God cares about the Jews, but the Jews were still preparing and did not let go (Ex.).
Ulcers and meadow
After that, the Lord commanded Moses and Aaron to take on the handful of oven soot and throw it high up before the pharaoh. So they did, and the bodies of Egyptians and animals were covered with terrible ulcers and membranes.
And Pharaoh was frightened that the rest of his life would be tormented and scratched because of the ulcers and injections and decided to let go of the Jews. But God strengthened his heart and gave him the courage to do according to his convictions, because he wanted to let the Pharaoh Jews not from fear, but from the realization that no earthly king could argue with God. And again did not let Jews Pharaoh.
Then God struck Egypt in the seventh time:
Thunder, zipper and fire hail
A storm began, thunder thundered, flashed lightning and fiery hail fell on Egypt.
| and the Lord produced Thunder and Hrad, and the fire spilled on the ground; and sent the Lord Grad to Egyptian land; And there was a hail and fire between hail, [hail] is very strong, which was not in the entire Earth Egyptian since the population of her. And broke the city throughout the Egyptian land all that was in the field, from a person to livestock, and all the grass broke the hail, and all the trees in the field broke |
They saw the Egyptians that the flame burns in every gradine and was horrified, as they realized that it was anger who could change the nature of things. Then, then Pharaoh in front of Moses and Aaron, asked them to pray to God, so that the hail stops, promising that he would let go of the Jews. Prayed Moses God, and the hail stopped. But again did not restrain his promise of Pharaoh.
And he suffered Egypt the execution of the eighth:
The invasion of locusts
Strong wind blew, and behind the wind flew into Egypt Horde Saraschi, sober up all the greens until the latter blasting on Egyptian land.
And again asked Pharaoh Moses to pour mercy from God, and again promised to let go of the Jews. I called Moses to God, and blew the wind to the other side, and he took all the locust. But the heart of Pharaoh's heart reiterated again, and again he did not let the sons of Israel.
And the ninth execution began:
ISX.10, 13-15
Unusual darkness
Ninth penalty
Darkness, who fell into Egypt was unusual, she was thick and dense, so it could even touch her; And candles and torches could not disperse darkness. Only the Jews were light, and the Egyptians were forced to move to move. However, soon the darkness began to thicken, saying the movements of the Egyptians, and now they could not even move.
And called Pharaoh Moses, and he told him that he let go of the Jews, only the cattle should be left. However, Moses told Pharaoh that they would not leave the Jews their cattle. Then Pharaoh ordered Moses to leave and not coming more, promising that if he comes, it will be executed. And then Moses said that he would not come more, but what will suffer Egypt the execution, worse than all the previously taken together, because all the sons of the firstborn will die in Egypt.
Penalty penny
Tenth execution
And did not pass Egypt promised by Moses Kara, and followed at midnight the widespread death of the firstborn.
After all the firstborn (with the exception of Jewish) died in Egypt in Egypt, Pharaoh surrendered and allowed the Jews to leave Egypt, the outcome began.
Histority plot
CriticismIn the history of Egypt, in a sufficient detailed documented numerous hieroglyphic texts, neither "Egyptian executions" are not mentioned in the form, as described in the Bible, nor any other events that could be associated with these executions. Although there were many tragic events in the history of ancient Egypt (for example, the invasion of gixos and uprisings, which brought the country in full chaos), none of these events can be directly compared with the description of the "Egyptian executions".
Moreover, it is unknown, with what Pharaoh and even in the era of which dynasty there was an outcome of Jews from Egypt. If Egyptian executions took place, then in all likelihood this event was local and so insignificant that it did not cause interest among Egyptian society and was not reflected in any written monuments except the Bible.
In the description there are also inconsistencies, so if the fifth execution destroyed the entire Egyptian cattle, it is unknown, the primorrier from which cattle was destroyed during the tenth (Ex.), As well as as animals, six hundred chariots were harvested, which were part of the Pharaoh Army, which began Chasing the Jews () (at sea the cattle was destroyed in the field, although the "field" can be a country according to the source text, at the same time in the source text there is no word "all").
Reply to criticism
However, the lack of written evidence of the ten executions of Egyptian often explain the fact that, as stated in the Papyrus of Ipouver, all the scribes of Egypt were killed and their records dispelled in the wind. Some researchers believe that the events of Egyptian executions were so fresh in the memory of the Egyptians, that they did not consider it necessary to record their history and betray the humiliation of the Egyptian people and the release of Jews from under the subordination to Pharaoh.
It should be taken into account that Egypt was constantly balanced on the verge of civil war with gixos. As described in the Bible, after the death of Pharaoh, the new pharaoh forced the Jews to build a new capital of Raamses in a couple of km from the capital of the accident, since sincerely managed by gixos. Moses who killed by Moses apparently worked at this construction (for he returned he began the outcome of the Jews from Raamseste). Given that the Jews-men took 600 thousand, which is three times more than the population of the Avaris of the time, it can be assumed that this was "Asians" followed by Pharaoh's army and which are described in the Papyrus of IPUURA (also the "blusted sea", "poisoned water" and "Mor").
Part of the researchers refers to the Papyrus of the Ipupur, finding many coincidences with the events described in the Bible. On this basis, it is concluded that the "execution of Egyptian" occurred, possibly during the rule of Pharaoh Ramses II and his son Merneptha.
Scientific research
Attempts are underway to scientifically justify 10 executions of Egyptian. Group of European Scientists with the Director of the New York Health Department (eng.)russian epidemiologist John Marrom (it.)russian Scientifically substantiated and tied up into a logical sequence of "10 executions of Egyptian", in particular:
- Redness of water is the famous phenomenon of "Red rings" - the flowering of algae physteria, emitting toxins and absorbing oxygen, which causes the death of the fish and mass escape toad. (According to the version of the amphibologist Dr. Richard, Vasasyuk, used in the Bible, a word can mean any kind of chopped amphibians, according to his version it was the kind of toad "bufo"; every toad molds a million cheeky, who ceased to devour a deceased fish, which caused the explosion of the toad population. )
- Dying toads and rotting fish causes flour flies - infection carriers, the fleece was accurately identified by signs like Culicoides (eng.)russian . (In antiquity there was no classification of flies, so scientists attracted to the study of the director of the Mississippi Mississippi Museum of Richard, Andrew Spielman, and the Director of the Department for Studying Animal Diseases of the US Department of Agriculture, Roger Breeze.)
- Infectious midge causes subsequent executions - the paddown of cattle and ulcers identified as signs of SAP infection transmitting flies to a distance of 1.5 km.
- Thunder, lightning and fiery degrees - hints at volcanic theory. The Bible directly describes a pillars of smoke and fire in the distance, to which Moses led the Jews of 11 days, falling from the sky a fragment, shaking down the mountains. (Ex., Ex., Ex., Ex., Second)
- 3 days without the Sun is a sandstorm, which lasted not ordinary 1-2 days, and 3 days. The cause of the protracted storm could be the destruction of the seeding and flora (the wind did not restrain the foliage) or the possible eruption of the volcano, which caused climatic anomalies and volcanic winter.
- The death of the firstborn is explained by toxins of the fungus Stachybotrys ATRA (eng.)russian , broken only in the upper layer of grain reserves, which fell there from water or excrement of locusts, and its fermentation into a very strong poison - mycotoxin. Infection could be as a result of the combination of a number of cultural factors: in the Egyptian tradition, the first sons eaten the first in the family, receiving a double portion; Also feeds and livestock - the strongest elder animal is made to the trough. Firstborn and poisoned first, having received a double portion from the upper infectious grain stocks. The Jews were not injured from this execution, because they settled away from large Egyptian cities and had independent food reserves.
The volcanic exodus theory is justified that executions are phenomena, accompanying vulcan explosions (in particular, redness of water).
Executions in culture and art
Music
- The history of the outcome was based on the first part of the oratorio
German scientists believe that they found a scientific explanation of the biblical history of 3000 years ago about the "10 executions of Egyptian". In their opinion, these cataclysms can be explained. natural phenomena, climate change, and environmental catastrophes.
A group of researchers from Heidelberg University (Germany) under the leadership of Professor Paleoclimatology of August Madzhini came to the conclusion that the "10 executions of the Egyptian" described in the Book of Exodus really had a place. They are explained by a series of natural cataclysms that occurred during the Pharaoh Ramses II, which ruled in ancient Egypt between 1279 and 1213 to our era, reports the Daily Telegraph newspaper.
Archaeologists believe that disasters occurred in ancient city Pi-Ramses at the Neil Delta, which was the capital of Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Ramses of the second. This city was abandoned about 3,000 years ago, and scientists argue that it was due to the "ten executions". It is worth recalling that in history it tells how God fell into Egypt disasters in punishment for the refusal of Pharaoh to free the Jews from slavery. Among the ten executions were the following: the water in Nile appealed to the blood, then the invasion of the toad, midges and flazy flies were followed, then the sea of \u200b\u200blivestock. Highly worse - the bodies of the Egyptians were covered with ulcers and membranes, then the fire of fire and the invasion of locusts collapsed on the country. An impenetrable darkness dropped to the whole country, and at the end in Egypt, all the firstbots were killed, except Jewish. After all these misfortunes, Pharaoh finally let go of the Jews from Egypt, and, under the leadership of Moses, went to the ground promised. The results of scientists conducted by scientists of radioactive studies of stalagmitic caves in the Nile Delta show that the basis of this biblical legend is a series of natural cataclysms in Egypt in the XIII century BC.
A group of climatologists, who studied the weather conditions of antiquity in the area, found out that at Ramses II, there was a sharp change in climate from warm and wet on cold and dry. "Ramses rules in a very favorable climatic period, there was a lot of rain, and the country flourished. But this period lasted only a few decades, and after his reign, the climatic curve drops sharply, the arid period was followed, which undoubtedly had very serious consequences, "says Paleoclimatologist Augusto Majini from the University of Heidelberg (Germany). The temperature of the air has dramatically improved led to the drought and the emancipation of the Nile, which turned into a flow of a drone, viscous juicy. In small, slowly flowing river, toxic algae and bacteria. Dr. Stephen Pflugmater from the Institute of Water Ecology and Freshwater Fisheries. Leibnia believes that the "bloody" river could make toxic bacteria Oscillatoria Rubescens, also called "Burgundy Blood". These bacteria "rapidly multiply in stagnant warm water rich in nutrients. Dying, they paint the water in red. "
According to scientists, the action of Oscillatoria Rubescens led to the three subsequent executions - the invasion of frogs, midges and flazy flies. The development of adult frogs from tadpoles is controlled by hormones that can speed up this process in the stressful situation. The defeat of the Nile "Burgundian blood" and was such stress, and when the frog came out to the land, it began to dominate insects, the increase in the number of which was not restrained by predators. Insects could cause the fifth and sixth execution of the cattle and ulcers in humans. "We know that insects can produce diseases, such as malaria, so the next link in this chain reaction is an epidemic," said Professor of the Institute Leibnia Werner Clos.
Another natural disaster that happened away from Pi-Ramses, led to three more executions - hail, locust and darkness. According to the researchers, their cause could be an eruption - one of the strongest in history - volcano Tera on the Greek Island of Santorini, as a result of which billions of tons of ashes were thrown into the air.
Nadine von Blom is a scientist from the German Institute of Atmospheric Physics, studying the formation of clouds carriers of hail. She believes that strong hail fell into Egypt due to the collision of rain clouds with a cloud of volcanic ash.
Dr. Siro Treisnato from Canada is convinced that the invasion of locusts could also be the result of an eruption. The ashes loss led to various climatic anomalies, including an increase in humidity, which is very favorable for the growth of locust. The ash clouds could also obstruct the sun, causing darkness - the ninth execution.
During the excavations in Egypt, pieces of pumice - volcanic stone were discovered, although there are no volcanoes in the country itself. Tests have shown that PEMZE comes from the volcano on Santorini, which confirms the hypothesis about the loss of the ashes of the Teres in Egypt.
One of the versions of the tenth execution - the death of all Egyptian firstborn - the damage to the grain to a poisonous fungus or mold. Since the first portion of the male fell, the first portion of food was killed, they were killed.
reference
By the way, in the history of Egypt, in a sufficient detailed documented numerous hieroglyphic texts, neither "Egyptian executions" are not mentioned in the form, as they are described in the Bible, nor any other events that could be associated with these executions. Although there were many tragic events in the history of ancient Egypt (for example, the invasion of gixos and uprisings, which brought the country in full chaos), none of these events can be directly compared with the description of the "Egyptian executions".
Moreover, it is unknown, with what Pharaoh and even in the era of which dynasty there was an outcome of Jews from Egypt. In all likelihood, in fact, this event was local and so insignificant that it did not cause interest among Egyptian society and was not reflected in any written monuments other than the Bible.
Part of the researchers refers to the Papyrus of the Ipouver, finding in it a lot of coincidences with the events described in the Bible. On this basis, it is concluded that the "execution of Egyptian" occurred, possibly during the reign of Pharaoh Ramses II and his son Merneptha.
Bible quotes:
Punishment of blood
And raised [Aaron] rod and hit the water river before the eyes of Pharaoh and before the eyes of his slaves, and all the water in the river turned into blood, and the fish in the river died out, and the river was variable, and the Egyptians could not drink water from the river; And there was blood throughout Egyptian land. (Ish.7: 20,21)
All the water in Nile, other water bodies and tanks turned into blood, but remained transparent for the Jews (and even the one that was at Jews, turned into blood if the Egyptians tried to take it). The Egyptians could only drink the water for which they paid money to Jews. Then, according to legend, the sorcerers of Pharaoh bought water from the Jews and began to conjure on it, they managed to turn her into the blood, and Pharaoh decided that the punishment of blood was not punished by the Lord, but just witchcraft, and did not let the Jews.
Penalty frogs
And the Lord said to Moses: Tell Aaron: Prior to your hand with your river on the rivers, on the streams and on the lakes and bring the toad to the Egyptian land. Aaron shoot his hand on the water Egyptian; And the toads came out and covered Egypt's land. (Ish.8: 5,6)
As Pharaoh was promised: "They will come out and enter your house, both in your bedroom, and your bed, and your slaves and your people and your people, and in your furnaces, and your quashers" (Ish.8: 3) . The toads filled the Egyptian land.
Egyptian sorcerers began to conjunate again, and they managed to do so that the frogs became even more, but they said Pharaoh that they did not know such a witchcraft, which would allow to remove the frogs. Then Pharaoh said Moses, which would believe that Egypt punished God and hesitate his people if God would remove all the frogs. After disappearing frogs, however, Pharaoh decided to abandon his promise.
The invasion of midges
As a third punishment on Egypt, healing the midges, who attacked the Egyptians, stuck them, climbed them into the eyes, nose, ears.
This time, the sorcerers could not help Pharaoh, and they said that they didn't know such witchcraft, and that, it should be, this is all the punishment of the Lord, and the Jews should be omitted. However, Pharaoh and this time turned out to be adamant.
And then God wrapped the fourth execution to Egypt:
Herbal wild beasts
Wild animals were flooded: Lions, crocodiles, bears, scorpions, the sky flooded predatory birds who tried to penetrate the home of the Egyptians and did not let them go outside. The same Egyptians who crossed the threshold of the house turned out to be confused. Even domestic cattle suddenly began to hunt for her masters. Only Jews did not touch the animals.
Then Pharaoh called Moses and again promised to let go of Jews, and after the disappearance of wild animals, he again violated his promise.
And he suffered Egypt the fifth execution:
Sea cattle
In all Egyptians, the cattle is filled, the attack did not touch the Jews. And then I understood the Pharaoh that God cares about the Jews, but he was preparing and the Jews did not let go.
Ulcers and meadow
After that, the Lord commanded Moses and Aaron to take on the handful of oven soot and throw it high up before the pharaoh. So they did, and the bodies of Egyptians and animals were covered with terrible ulcers and membranes.
And Pharaoh was frightened that the rest of his life would be tormented and scratched because of the ulcers and injections and decided to let go of the Jews. But God strengthened his heart and gave him the courage to do according to his convictions, because he wanted to let the Pharaoh Jews not from fear, but from the realization that no earthly king could argue with God. And again did not let Jews Pharaoh.
Then God struck Egypt in the seventh time:
Thunder, zipper and fire hail
A storm began, thunder thundered, flashed lightning and fiery hail fell on Egypt.
"And the Lord produced thunder and hail, and the fire spilled on the ground; and sent the Lord Grad to Egyptian land; And there was a hail and fire between hail, [hail] is very strong, which was not in the entire Earth Egyptian since the population of her. And he broke the hail throughout Egyptian land all that was in the field, from a person to livestock, and all the grass beat degrees, and all the trees in the field broke out "(ISX.9: 23-25).
They saw the Egyptians that the flame burns in every gradine and was horrified, as they realized that it was anger who could change the nature of things. Then, then Pharaoh in front of Moses and Aaron, asked them to pray to God, so that the hail stops, promising that he would let go of the Jews. Prayed Moses God, and the hail stopped. But again did not restrain his promise of Pharaoh.
And he suffered Egypt the execution of the eighth:
The invasion of locusts
Strong wind blew, and behind the wind flew into Egypt Horde Saraschi, sober up all the greens until the latter blasting on Egyptian land.
And again asked Pharaoh Moses to pour mercy from God, and again promised to let go of the Jews. I called Moses to God, and blew the wind to the other side, and he took all the locust. But the heart of Pharaoh's heart reiterated again, and again he did not let the sons of Israel.
And the ninth execution began:
Unusual darkness
The darkness fell on Egypt, but the darkness was an unusual darkness, for it was thick and dense, so it could even touch her; And candles and torches could not disperse darkness. Only the Jews were light, and the Egyptians were forced to move to the touch. However, soon the darkness began to thicken, saying the movements of the Egyptians, and now they could not even move.
And called Pharaoh Moses, and he told him that he let go of the Jews, only the cattle should be left. However, Moses told Pharaoh that they would not leave the Jews their cattle. Then Pharaoh ordered Moses to leave and not coming more, promising that if he comes, it will be executed. And then Moses said that he would not come more, but what will suffer Egypt the execution, worse than all the previously taken together, because all the sons of the firstborn will die in Egypt.
Penalty penny
And did not pass Egypt promised by Moses Kara, and followed at midnight the widespread death of the firstborn.
After all the firstborn (with the exception of Jewish) died in Egypt in Egypt, Pharaoh surrendered and allowed the Jews to leave Egypt, the outcome began.
His people, promising that, otherwise, God will punish Egypt. Pharaoh did not obey, 10 disasters were collaborated on Egypt, and each time after the new refusal of Pharaoh, let go of the Jews followed another disaster:
- Punishment of blood
- Penalty frogs
- The invasion of bloodsowing insects (midges, pajobs, lice, bugs)
- Punishment by pussy flies
- Sea cattle
- Ulcers and meadow
- Thunder, zipper and fire hail
- The invasion of locusts
- Unusual Darkness (Darkness Egyptian)
- Death of the First People
Punishment of blood
"And raised the rod and hit the water of the river before the eyes of Pharaoh and before the eyes of his slaves, and all the water in the river turned into blood, and the fish in the river died out, and the river was variable, and the Egyptians could not drink water from the river; And there was blood throughout Egyptian land. "
- Ish.7: 20,21
All the water in Nile, other water bodies and tanks turned into blood, but remained transparent for the Jews (and even the one that was at Jews, turned into blood if the Egyptians tried to take it). The Egyptians could only drink the water for which they paid money to Jews.
James Tisso (1836-1902), Public DomainThen, according to legend, the sorcerers of Pharaoh bought water from the Jews and began to conjure on it, they managed to turn her into the blood, and Pharaoh decided that the punishment of blood was not punished by the Lord, but just witchcraft, and did not let the Jews.
Penalty frogs
"And the Lord said to Moses: Tell Aaron: Prior to your hand with your river on the rivers, on the streams and to the lakes and bring the toad to the Egyptian land. Aaron shoot his hand on the water Egyptian; And the toads came out and covered Egypt's land. "
-Isch.8: 5,6
As Pharaoh was promised: "They will come out and enter your house, both in your bedroom, and your bed, and your slaves and your people and your people, and in your furnaces, and your quashers" (Ish.8: 3) . The toads filled the Egyptian land.
The second execution of Egyptian - toads. Illustration of the illustrated biblical encyclopedia of Archimandrite Nikifora (1891) G.N. Petrov, Public Domain Egyptian sorcerers began to conjunate again, and they managed to do so that the frogs became even more, but they said Pharaoh that they did not know such a witchcraft, which would allow to remove the frogs. Then Pharaoh said Moses, which would believe that Egypt punished God, and his people will let go if God removes all the frogs. After the disappearance of Frogs, Pharaoh decided to abandon his promise.
The invasion of midges
As a third punishment on Egypt, healing the midges, who attacked the Egyptians, stuck them, climbed them into the eyes, nose, ears.
"... Aaron is her hand with his hand with his rod and hit the Earth's finger, and the midges were on humans and on Skot. The whole end of the earth made midges throughout Egyptian land. They also tried to make the Mozhek with the Moshk, but could not. And there were midges in humans and skot. And said Magi Pharaoh: This is the finger of God. But the heart of Faraonovo hardened, and he did not listen to them, as the Lord said. "
-Isch.8: 17-19
This time, the sorcerers could not help Pharaoh and said that they did not know such witchcraft, and that, it should be, this is all the punishment of the Lord, and Jews should be released. However, Pharaoh and this time turned out to be adamant.
And then God wrapped the fourth execution to Egypt:
Punishment by pezzi flies
"And the Lord said to Moses: Tomorrow I stand early and appear before the face of Pharaoh. Here, he will go to the water, and you tell him: so the Lord says: let me go to my people to make me serving. And if you do not let go of my people, then, here, I will send you on your slaves, and your people, and in the houses of your waves flies, and the houses of the Egyptians are filled with the lands on which they live; And the Department on that day, the land of Ges, on which my people dwells, and there will not be waves of flies, so that you knew that I am the Lord among the Earth; I will make a division between the people of mine and between the people of yours. Tomorrow will be this sign. So did the Lord: there was a lot of flazy flies into the house of Pharaohs, and in the houses of his slaves, and the Egyptian houses for the whole land: the earth died from the pesti flies. "
-Isch.8: 20-25
The clouds of these flies covered people and filled the houses of the Egyptians. "According to Philon, the insect, which served as the fourth execution tool, combined the properties of flies and dogs, was distinguished by the taste and unequivocarcy. They published how the arrow, it was on a person or an animal and, rapidly attacking, dugged out sting in the body and as it should stick to him "(Lopukhin's interpreting Bible). Most likely, under the pisi flies, the wands that did not give peace to the Egyptians and herds of their animals.
The main lesson of this penalty was that God was openly revealed by Pharaoh and all Egyptians the difference between them and Jews. Pisia flies were everywhere, except the region of the hem, in which the Jews lived; They were in all houses, besides the houses of Israelis: Poems 22-23 "... Division that day, the land of Ges, on which my people dwells, and there will not be waves of flies, so you knew that I am the Lord among the earth; I will make a division between the people of mine and between the people of yours. "
Such a separation between the two peoples and the areas of their habitat in Egypt showed Pharaoh that the God of Israel is the Lord, the Egyptian execution, and what exactly he is God above Egypt, surpassing the strength and power of all Egyptian deities and idols. Then Pharaoh called Moses and again promised to let go of Jews, and after the disappearance of wild animals, he again violated his promise.
And he suffered Egypt the fifth execution:
Dore (1832-1883), Public Domain Sea cattle
In all Egyptians, the cattle, which was in the field, was not touched by the Jews. And then I understood the pharaoh that God cares about the Jews, but he was preparing and the Jews did not let go (Ish.9: 3-7).
Ulcers and meadow
After that, the Lord commanded Moses and Aaron to take on the handful of oven soot and throw it high up before the pharaoh. So they did, and the bodies of Egyptians and animals were covered with terrible ulcers and membranes.
And Pharaoh was frightened that the rest of his life would be tormented and scratched because of the ulcers and injections and decided to let go of the Jews. But God strengthened his heart and gave him the courage to do according to his convictions, because he wanted to let the Pharaoh Jews not from fear, but from the realization that no earthly king could argue with God. And again did not let Jews Pharaoh (Ish.9: 8-11).
Then God struck Egypt in the seventh time:
Thunder, zipper and fire hail
A storm began, thunder thundered, flashed lightning and fiery hail fell on Egypt.
"And the Lord produced thunder and hail, and the fire spilled on the ground; and sent the Lord Grad to Egyptian land; And there was a hail and fire between hail, very strong, which was not in the entire Earth Egyptian since her population. And broke the hail throughout Egyptian land all that was in the field, from a person to livestock, and all the grass broke the hail, and all the trees in the field broke out "
-Ish.9: 23-25
They saw the Egyptians that the flame burns in every gradine and was horrified, as they realized that it was anger who could change the nature of things.
John Martin (1789-1854), Public Domain Then, then Pharaoh in front of Moses and Aaron, asked them to pray to God, so that the hail stops, promising that he would let go of the Jews. Prayed Moses God, and the hail stopped. But again did not restrain his promise of Pharaoh.
And he suffered Egypt the execution of the eighth:
The invasion of locusts
Strong wind blew, and behind the wind flew into Egypt Horde Saraschi, sober up all the greens until the latter blasting on Egyptian land.
And again asked Pharaoh Moses to pour mercy from God, and again promised to let go of the Jews. I called Moses to God, and blew the wind to the other side, and he took all the locust. But the heart of Pharaoh's heart reiterated again, and again he did not let the sons of Israel.
And the ninth execution began: Exk.10, 13-15
Unusual darkness
"Moses apparently his hand to the sky, and was a thick darkness throughout the land of the Egyptian three days; did not see each other, and no one got up from his place for three days; All the sons of Israel were light in their housing "
-Ish.10: 22-23
Darkness, who fell into Egypt was unusual, she was thick and dense, so it could even touch her; And candles and torches could not disperse darkness. Only the Jews were light, and the Egyptians were forced to move to move. However, soon the darkness began to thicken, saying the movements of the Egyptians, and now they could not even move.
And called Pharaoh Moses, and he told him that he let go of the Jews, only the cattle should be left. However, Moses told Pharaoh that they would not leave the Jews their cattle. Then Pharaoh ordered Moses to leave and not coming more, promising that if he comes, it will be executed. And then Moses said that he would not come more, but what will suffer Egypt the execution, worse than all the previously taken together, because all the sons of the firstborn will die in Egypt.
Dore (1832-1883), Public Domain Penalty penny
And did not pass Egypt promised by Moses Kara, and followed at midnight the widespread death of the firstborn.
"At midnight, the Lord struck all the firstborn in the Egyptian land, from the firstborn Pharaoh, who was sitting on his prestrol, to the primacy of the prisoner who was in the dungeon, and all the original from livestock"
-Isch.12: 29.
After all the firstborn (with the exception of Jewish) died in Egypt in Egypt, Pharaoh surrendered and allowed the Jews to leave Egypt, the outcome began.
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Helpful information
Ten executions of Egyptian
Histority plot
Criticism
In the history of Egypt, in a sufficient detailed documented numerous hieroglyphic texts, neither "Egyptian executions" are not mentioned in the form, as described in the Bible, nor any other events that could be associated with these executions. Although there were many tragic events in the history of ancient Egypt (for example, the invasion of gixos and uprisings, which brought the country in full chaos), none of these events can be directly compared with the description of the "Egyptian executions".
Moreover, it is unknown, with what Pharaoh and even in the era of which dynasty there was an outcome of Jews from Egypt. If Egyptian executions took place, then in all likelihood this event was local and so insignificant that it did not cause interest among Egyptian society and was not reflected in any written monuments except the Bible.
In the description there are also incompleteness: so, if the fifth execution destroyed the entire Egyptian cattle, it is unknown, the primorrian from what livestock was destroyed during the tenth (ISSCh.11: 5), as well as how animals were harnessed six hundred chariots, which were part of the army Pharaoh, who began to pursue the Jews (14: 7) (Cattle in the field was destroyed in the field, although the "field" can be the country according to the source text, at the same time there is no word "all" in the source text).
Reply to criticism
However, the lack of written evidence of the ten executions of Egyptians often explain the fact that, as stated in the Papyrus of Ipouver, all the scribes of Egypt were killed, and their records dispelled in the wind. Some researchers believe that the events of Egyptian executions were so fresh in the memory of the Egyptians, that they did not consider it necessary to record their history and betray the humiliation of the Egyptian people and the release of Jews from under the subordination to Pharaoh.
It should be taken into account that Egypt was constantly balanced on the verge of civil war with gixos. As described in the Bible, after the death of Pharaoh, the new Pharaoh made the Jews to build a new capital of Raamses in a pair of kilometers from the capital of the Avaris, since ancient managed by gyksos. Moses who killed Moses, apparently, worked at this construction (for, returning, he began the outcome of the Jews from Raamseste). Considering that the Jews-men took 600 thousand - three times more than the population of the income of that time - it can be assumed that this was "Asians", followed by the Tharana army and which are described in the Papyrus of IPUURA (also the "blusted sea", "poisoned water "And" Mor ").
Part of the researchers refers to the Papyrus of the Ipupur, finding many coincidences with the events described in the Bible. On this basis, it is concluded that the "execution of Egyptian" occurred, possibly during the rule of Pharaoh Ramses II and his son Merneptha.
Scientific research
Attempts are underway to scientifically justify 10 executions of Egyptian. A group of European scientists with the Director of the New York Health Department (English) Russian. epidemiologist John Marre (Him.) Russian. Scientifically substantiated and tied up into a logical sequence of "10 executions of Egyptian", in particular:
- Redness of water is the famous phenomenon of "Red rings" - the flowering of algae physteria, emitting toxins and absorbing oxygen, which causes the death of the fish and mass escape toad. (According to the version of the amphibologist Dr. Richard, Vasasyuk, used in the Bible, a word can mean any kind of chopped amphibians, according to his version it was the kind of toad "bufo"; every toad molds a million cheeky, who ceased to devour a deceased fish, which caused the explosion of the toad population. )
- Dying toads and rotting fish causes the flies of flies - infection carriers, the fleet was accurately identified in the signs of both Culicoides (eng.) RUSSIA .. (In antiquity there was no classification of flies, so scientists attracted to the study of the director of the Mississippi Mississippi Museum Museum, Andrew Spielman, and director of the study of animal diseases ministries agriculture US Roger Breeze.)
- Infectious midge causes subsequent executions - the paddown of cattle and ulcers identified as signs of SAP infection transmitting flies to a distance of 1.5 km.
- Thunder, lightning and fiery degrees - hints at volcanic theory. The Bible directly describes a pillars of smoke and fire in the distance, to which Moses led the Jews of 11 days, falling from the sky a fragment, shaking down the mountains. (ISX.9: 23-25, OSX.13: 21-22, ISX.19: 18, ISK.24: 15-16, Dev.1: 33)
- 3 days without the Sun is a sandstorm, which lasted not ordinary 1-2 days, and 3 days. The cause of the protracted storm could be the destruction of the seeding and flora (the wind did not restrain the foliage) or the possible eruption of the volcano, which caused climatic anomalies and volcanic winter.
- The death of the firstborn is explained by the toxins of the fungus Stachybotrys ATRA (English) Russian., Breakdown only in the upper layer of grain reserves, which fell there from the water or excrement of locusts, and its fermentation in a very strong poison - mycotoxin. Infection could be as a result of the combination of a number of cultural factors: in the Egyptian tradition, the first sons eaten the first in the family, receiving a double portion; Cattle also feeds - the strongest elder animal is published to the trough. Firstborn and poisoned first, having received a double portion from the upper infectious grain stocks. The Jews were not injured from this execution, because they settled away from large Egyptian cities and had independent food reserves. In addition, they were shepherds, and not farmers, and a significant proportion of their diet was not a grain like Egyptians, but meat and milk.
The volcanic exodus theory is justified that executions are phenomena, accompanying vulcan explosions (in particular, redness of water).
Executions in culture and art
Music
- The history of the outcome was based on the first part of the oratorio of G. F. Handel "Israel in Egypt" (EXODUS).
- Metallica group wrote the song "Creeping Death" where some of the executions are directly mentioned.
- AKROMA has completely devoted to the description of the ten Egyptian executions of the album of Seth, published in 2009.
- Amaseffer's group of Israel devoted to the outcome of the Jews album 2008 EXODUS - Slaves for Life
- In the song Louis Armstrong "Go Down Moses" mentions the threat of the death of the firstborn.
Cinema
- Harvest - the plot of the film is built on a local manifestation of 10 executions of Egyptian in a small American town, the entire population of which is the Satanist sect.
- Prince of Egypt - cartoon-screening event of outcome.
- Mummy (USA, 1999). The plot of the film: The gold kits in search of the Treasures of Pharaoh disturbed the centuries-old tomb of the tomb, and the mummy rises from the grave, bringing with them 10 disasters of Egypt.
- Fool me ("Lie theory") 2 season 19 series, mentioned about 10 Egyptian executions Lightman, after maniac phone calls
- Supernatural (TVER.
- World Creation is the screening of the Old Testament.
- Halen (Haven) Season 2 1 series, Egyptian executions are collapsed on the town.
- Ten commandments (film)